College - Tele Syllabus - Sem 7

Microwave Engineering:

Introduction to Microwave Communication : Need for microwave communication, Classification of frequency spectrum, Microwave circuit elements and analysis.

Electromagnetic Theory: Maxwell Equations and Wave Equations, Pointing Theorem.

Microwave Waveguides: Rectangular and Circular Waveguides. Solutions of wave equations, TE and TM modes, Power transmission, Power losses, Wave Velocities, Ridge waveguides, Fin line.

Transmission Lines: Waves on an ideal transmission line, Terminated transmission line in resistive and capacitive termination, steady state sinusoidal waves, waves on lossy transmission lines. Field analysis of transmission lines, Classification of wave solution-TEM, TE and TM waves, field analysis, transmission line parameters, Microstrip transmission lines.

Circuit Theory for Waveguiding systems: Equivalent voltages and currents, Impedance description of waveguides elements and circuits, N-port circuits, 2 port junctions, scattering formulation, scattering matrix for a 2 port junction, transmission matrix representation.

Impedance Transmission and Matching: Smith Charts, Impedance Matching with reactive elements, single stub, double stub matching, impedance matching with lumped elements, waveguide reactive elements, Quarter wave transformers.

Passive Microwave Devices: Termination, Variable short circuit, Attenuators, Phase shifters, Directuional Couplers, Hybrid Tee Junction, power dividers, Microwave propagation in Ferrites, Faraday Rotations, Gyrators, Isolators, Circulators.

Electromagnetic Resonators: Resonator circuits, Transmission line resonant circuits, microwave cavities, equivalent circuit for cavities.

Optical Fiber Communications

Overview of optical fiber communication

Optical Fibers: Structures, wave guides, guiding and fabrication, nature of light, basic optical laws and definitions, optical fiber modes and configuration, mode theory of circular wave guides, single mode fibers, graded index fiber structure, fiber materials, fiber fabrication, mechanical properties of fiber cables.

Signal degradation in optical fibers: Attenuation, signal distortion in optical wave guides, group delay, material dispersion, signal distortion in single mode fiber, inter mode distortion, pulse broadening in index, wave guides and mode coupling, properties of single mode fibers.

Optical Sources: Related semiconductor physics, light emitting diodes, light source linearity, model, partition and reflection noise.

Power Launching and Coupling: Source to fiber power launching, Splicing scheme for coupling improvement, fiber to fiber joints, LED coupling o single mode fiber, splicing, optical fiber connectors.

Photo Detectors: Physical principles of photo-diodes, PIN and Avalanche photo-diodes, photo-detector noise, photo-detector time response.

Optical Receiver Operation: Digital signal transmission, error sources, receiver configuration, digital receiver performance calculation, pre-amplifier types, analog receiver.

Digital Transmission System: Point to point link, line coding, Eye patterns, Noise, probability of error.

Analog Systems: Overview, Carrier to noise ratio, multi-channel transmission techniques.

Coherent Optical Fiber Communication: Modulation and Multiplexing, Time division, Frequency division and Wavelength division.

Digital Communication

Bandlimiting waveforms: Correlation between waveforms - Auto correlation, Cross correlation, Energy and Power spectrum, Orthogonal set of functions, Representation of the signals in signal space by orthogonal set of functions.

Analog to Digital Conversion: Sampling theorem for Low Pass Signals, PAM, Natural sampling, Flat-top sampling, Signal recovery through holding, Quantization of signals, PCM, DPCM, Delta Modulation, Linear Predictive coder, TDM, T1-Digital System, line coding of different types and their spectrum.

Digital Modulation: ASK, BPSK, DPSK, DEPSK, QPSK, Offset and Non-offest QPSK, M-ary PSK, QASK, BFSK, Orthogonal and non-orthogonal M-ary, MSK, Duo-binary encoding and Partial Response signaling, Amplitude Modulation of Partial Response Signals.

Random Processes: Review of Random Processes, Stationary, Wide sense stationary and Ergodic processes. Mathematical representation of noise, Gaussian White noise and its representation in signal space.

Data Transmission: Probability of error, Optimum filter, White noise, Matched filter, Coherent reception-Correlation, PSK, FSK, Noncoherent detection of FSK, Detection of DPSK, QPSK, Use of Signal Space to calculate probability of error, Probability of error in QPSK, QAM, Relation between bit error rate and symbol error rate.

Error Codes: Introduction to Error Correcting Codes, Block Code, CRC and Convolutional Codes and their Decoding.

Digital Signal Processing

Discrete Time Signals and Systems: Discrete time signal sequences, Linear Shift Invariant system, Stability, Linear Constant Coefficient difference equations, Frequency domain representation of discrete time systems and signals, symmetry properties of Fourier Transform, Sampling of continuous time signal, Two dimensional sequences and system.

Z Transform: Z-transform, Inverse z transform theorem and properties, System functions, Two dimensional transforms.

The Discrete Fourier Transform: Representation of periodic sequences, The Discrete Fourier Series, Properties of the discrete fourier series, Sampling the z-transform, Fourier representation of finite deviation sequences, the discrete fourier transform, properties of the DFT, Linear convolution using the DFT, two dimensional DFT.

Flow Graph and Matrix Representation of Digital Filters: Signal flow graph representation of digital networks, Matrix representation of digital networks, Basic network structures for IIR, Transposed forms, Basic network structures for FIR systems, Parameter Quantization effects, Tellegen's theorem for digital filters and its applications.

Digital Filter Design Techniques: Design of IIR digital filters from analog filters, Properties of FIR digital filters, Design of FIR filters using windows, Comparision of IIR and FIR filters.

Computation of The Discrete Fourier Transform: Goertzel's Algorithm, Decimation in time algorithms, Decimation in frequency algorithms, FFT algorithms for a N composite number, General computational considerations in FFT algorithms, Chirps Z transform algorithm.

Discrete Hilbert Transform: Real and Imaginary part sufficiency for causal sequences, Minimum phase condition, Hilbert Transform relation for the DFT and the complex sequences.

Electronic Instrumentation.

Basic Concepts and Quality of Measurement: Review of Analogue and Digital systems : static and dynamic characteristics, First order, Second order instrumentation systems, responses to step, ramp, pulse, sine signals, System noise and signal to noise ratio.

Transducers for Process Measurement: Measurement of temperature, pressure, force, torque, vibrations, velocity, flow, level, pH, humidity, performance characteristics and selection for a given application.

Signal Conditioning: Systems such as Chopper stabilised amplifier, Instrumentation amplifier and selection for particular applications. Modulators and Demodulators. Active filters, design of 1st and 2nd order Butterworth filters, data transmission and telemetry ( only conceptual treatment ).

Automatic Controllers: Basics of feedback control systems and applications to measurement and control. Control actions - two position controllers, Floating controllers. Proportional, Derivative and Integral controller, Composite controllers such as Proportional Integral, Proportional Integral Differential ( PID ) controllers. Analysis and implementation of electronic controllers.

Data Acquisition Systems: Components of Analogue and Digital Acquisition system. Microprocessor and Computer based instrumentation system ( block diagram treatment ).

Project - I

The students are expected to take up a project under the guidance of a teacher from the institute, to be completed in Semester VII and VIII.

This may include

· Experimental Analysis / Verification.

· Development of Design methods and Verifications.

· Design and Fabrication of a model or a circuit.

· Development of a Software for analysis and / or design or decision making during engineering and management practice.

The student may be asked to work individually or in a group having not more than five in a group.

Basic study through review of literature on the topic selected shall be completed in semester VII. The scope of the project, identification of necessary data, sources of such data etc. shall be identified. The student / group has to prepare a brief hand written report on the work done . The report should include the objective of the project, scope of the project, methodology and review of the literature.